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Anchorage bond and development lenght  : Anchorage bond arises when a bar carrying certain force is teriminated .in such cases,it is necessary to transfer this force in the bar to the surrounding concrete over a certain lenght.

the lenght of the bar Ld required to transfer the force in the bar to the surrounding concrete through bond is called development lenght.

the development lenght can be easily etermine by pull out test.


  equivalent development lenght of hooks and bends

in situtations where straight anchorage lenght can not be provided due to lack of space to improve the anchorage of bars many times standard hooks are provided in plain bars and standard bends are provided in deformed. the equivalent development lenghts for these standard hooks and bends may be taken

a) the anchorage value of a standard  U- type hook shall be equal to the 16 times diameter of the bar.

b) the anchorage value of a standard bend shell be taken as 4 times the diameter of the bar for each 45 degrees bend subjected to a maximum of 16 times of dia.