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BOOKS AND BENDS

quite often,space available at the end of beam is limited to accommodate the full development length .in that case,hooks and bends are provided.the anchorage value of hooks or bend is accounted as contribution to the development length

  shows a semi-circular hook.fully dissension,with respect to a factor,with respect to a factor k. the value K is take as 2 in the case of mild steel conforming to IS:432-1966 FOR 'hot rolled mild steel and medium tensile steel deformed bars for concrete reinforcement . the hook with k =2 with equivalent horizontal lenght of the hook. for the case of medium tensile steel conforming to IS :432 - 1966 in that case of cold worked steel conforming k is taken as 4 the value of bond stress for various grades of concrete is greater by 40% than the plan bars,hence deformed bars may be with out books, provided anchorage requirements are adequately met with,where hooks are formed in deformed bars,the internal radius of the bend should be at least three times the diameter of the bar,the length of straight bar beyond the end of the curve should be atleast four times the diameter of the bars